The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), commonly referred to as food stamps, helps millions of low-income Americans afford groceries each month. But when it comes to running the program, who’s really in charge—the federal government or the states? Here’s a clear breakdown of how SNAP works and what role each government plays in delivering benefits.
Is SNAP a Federal or State Program?
The short answer is: It’s both.
SNAP is a federally funded program overseen by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). However, the program is administered by individual states, which are responsible for handling applications, determining eligibility, and distributing benefits.
This collaboration ensures that SNAP rules are applied consistently nationwide, but it also allows states some flexibility to customize parts of the program to fit local needs.
How Does SNAP Work?
- Federal Responsibility: The federal government funds 100% of the benefits provided through SNAP and sets national guidelines for eligibility, benefit amounts, and program requirements.
- State Responsibility: States are in charge of processing applications, determining who qualifies, and issuing monthly benefits via Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards. States can also implement job training programs and other initiatives to help SNAP recipients gain long-term financial independence.
Eligibility and Benefits
SNAP eligibility follows general federal guidelines, but states have some leeway to make adjustments. Here’s what’s typically considered when determining if someone qualifies:
- Income Requirements: Most households must have an income at or below 130% of the federal poverty line.
- Assets: Some states look at household assets, like bank account balances, while others have waived this requirement to expand access.
- Work Requirements: Able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs) often need to meet work requirements or participate in job training programs to qualify for long-term benefits.
Once approved, beneficiaries receive their monthly SNAP benefits on an EBT card, which can be used to buy food at authorized retailers, including grocery stores, farmers’ markets, and some online platforms.
How Much Can You Get with SNAP?
The amount of SNAP benefits you receive depends on your household size, income, and expenses. As of 2025, the maximum monthly benefit for a family of four is $973 in most states. However, states with a higher cost of living, like Alaska and Hawaii, may have slightly higher benefit amounts.
State Flexibility: Why SNAP May Vary by Location
Even though SNAP is a federal program, the state you live in can affect your experience with it. States have some flexibility to implement additional programs like:
- Nutrition education programs: These teach families how to shop for healthy, affordable food.
- Double Up Food Bucks: Some states offer this program to help SNAP recipients buy more fresh produce.
- Disaster SNAP (D-SNAP): During natural disasters, states can temporarily increase benefits or relax eligibility requirements.
How to Apply for SNAP
Applying for SNAP benefits is relatively simple and can be done online, by mail, or in person at your local Department of Human Services office. You’ll need to provide documentation like proof of income, residency, and household expenses.
After submitting your application, states generally take a few days to a few weeks to process it. Once approved, your benefits will be loaded onto an EBT card.
What’s Next for SNAP?
With discussions in Congress about potential changes to SNAP work requirements and benefit amounts, current and future recipients need to stay informed. Any significant changes to the program will likely impact how states administer benefits and who qualifies for assistance.
